Teaching = transmission. Learning = acquisition

  1. Deeply process - if you formulate an example of how every one of these principles can be used in a specific situation, you will remember them much better than if you simply read and understand them
  2. Desirable difficulty (Goldilocks Rule). The Goldilocks Rule states that humans experience peak motivation when working on tasks that are right on the edge of their current abilities. Not too hard. Not too easy. Just right.
  3. Generation effect - frequent testing, flashcards, recalling info = better mental representation, generated from ones own mind rather than read
  4. Interleaving - process where students mix, or interleave, multiple subjects or topics while they study in order to improve their learning.
  5. Dual codes - verbal + visual
  6. Invoke emotion.
  7. Use familiar to learn unfamiliar. Build on prior associations.
  8. Practice deliberately - occurs when you pay careful attention to mistakes and use the ways that an error differs from the correct performance to correct subsequent performance
  9. Create rich retrieval cues (flashcards)
  10. Associative chaining (aka story telling) - causes + effect
  11. Spaced practice
  12. Different contexts
  13. Avoding interference. There is proactive and retroactive which occurs when learning new material impairs your ability to recall previously learned material. In the language example, once you learn the French pronunciation, you might have difficulty recalling the Spanish one

Declarative information - words, addresses, theories. Procedural information - driving, debating